Publicaciones

Jacon Aires Pinto, Danielle

The virtual connection between Brazil and other countries worldwide was always made with submarine cables connected in the USA as a crossing point. To Brazil, that reality is a meaningful connection to improve its share communication with other actors, but, on the other side, it represents a Brazilian virtual system dependence on USA infrastructure and a threat about how safe and inviolable the information traffic would be. In that perspective, and after Snowden denounces, the Brazilian government of Dilma Rousseff started on 2014 a negotiation with Europe to build a high-performance submarine cable between the cities of Fortaleza, on the Brazil northeast, and Sines, on the south of Portugal. The main target with that project was to withdraw the Brazil submarine cable dependence on the USA and create an alternative way to share virtual information with other great international players – Europe, that had its leaders also spied on by NSA as Snowden sad. The submarine cable was launched last June 1st and now represents the most critical way to connect Brazil to the world.

Becker, Luzia

The increasing centrality of citizens in post-modernity is reflected in the complementarity of representative democracy with other models of participatory-deliberative-multicultural democracy, in which citizens acquire greater prominence and power regarding the definition of public policies. In Brazil, since the 1988 Constitution, a governance structure has been consolidated by combining Inter-managerial Commissions (structures of bi/tripartite negotiation and celebration of agreements for policy management) with policy councils (collegiate structures) and conferences (structures for social participation). Despite the adverse context, since the Maastricht Treaty of 1992, as a supranational federation, the European Union, by establishing a two-tier system of government, faces the challenge of creating arenas of political participation – building a supranational democracy while lacking a federal constitution – capable of simultaneously promoting territorial cohesion, enhancement of the interior, cross-border cooperation, and political-administrative decentralization. Both in Brazil and in the EU, an institutional structure of political participation has been built to attend, among others, to the demands of migrants and refugees. In this process, their participation in the dimensions of political concerted decision-making is a sine qua non condition for the democratic legitimacy of the country where they live.

Becker, Luzia

A crescente centralidade dos cidadãos na pós-modernidade tem como reflexo a complementariedade da democracia representativa com outros modelos de democracia do tipo participativa-deliberativa-multicultural na qual estes adquirem maior protagonismo e poder no que diz respeito à definição das políticas públicas. No Brasil, desde a Constituição de 1988, uma estrutura de governança consolidou-se combinando comissões intergestores (instâncias de negociação bi/tripartite e pactuação de acordos para gestão das políticas) com conselhos de política (instâncias colegiadas) e conferências (espaços de participação social). Apesar do contexto adverso, desde o Tratado de Maastricht de 1992, enquanto federação supranacional, a União Europeia, ao estabelecer um sistema de governo em dois níveis, enfrenta o desafio de criar arenas de participação política – construir uma democracia supranacional enquanto não há uma constituição federal – capaz de ao mesmo tempo, promover coesão territorial, valorização do interior, cooperação transfronteiriça e descentralização político-administrativa. Tanto no Brasil quanto na UE, uma estrutura institucional de participação política vem sendo construída para atender, dentre outras, as demandas dos migrantes e refugiados. Nesse processo, a participação destes nas instâncias de concertação política para tomada de decisão é condição sine qua non da legitimidade democrática do país onde vivem.

Piccolli, Larleciane

The year 2022 started with the world's eyes turning towards Eastern Europe. The imminent threat of war between Russia and Ukraine carries several layers of actors and interests, encompassing economic, political, strategic, and having the capacity to overflow from the regional to the global scope. Still, it reverberates a clear message from Moscow about protecting its national security: move the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) away from its borders, shielding its territory. This Policy Brief seeks to shed light on Russia's policies and positions in the current crisis, analyzing it from Moscow's understanding of what it characterizes as its strategic surrounding's "red lines". Likewise, it seeks to clarify the atmosphere of "Russophobia" that hovers in the contemporary International System (IS).

Rodrigues, Bernardo

Aproximadamente no ano de 130 a.C., um emissário real chamado Zhang Qian partiu de Chang’an, capital da dinastia Han, em direção ao oeste em uma missão de paz, abrindo uma rota terrestre entre o Oriente e o Ocidente. Conhecido na literatura como a Viagem de Zhang Qian para as Regiões Ocidentais, este primeiro empreendimento preconizou, séculos depois, a ampliação das rotas da seda terrestre e marítima nas dinastias Tang (618-907), Song (960-1279) e Yuan (1271-1368), que se estenderam por milhares de quilômetros que transpunham os vales do Nilo, do Tigre e do Eufrates, do Indus e do Ganges, e do rio Amarelo e do rio Yangtzé. Durante centenas de anos, essas rotas tornaram-se uma grande herança da civilização humana, com o espírito de cooperação, de abertura, de inclusão e de aprendizado e benefício mútuo. Ao conectar os berços das civilizações egípcia, babilônica, indiana e chinesa, bem como as terras do budismo, do cristianismo e do islamismo, estas rotas antigas não consistiram apenas em relações comerciais, mas também serviram para impulsionar o fluxo de conhecimentos recíprocos: desde a seda, porcelana, obras em laca e utensílios de ferro chineses que foram levados para o Ocidente, até pimenta, linho, especiarias, uva e romã que entraram na China, esses fluxos possibilitaram a entrada do budismo, do islamismo, da astronomia árabe, do calendário e da medicina em território chinês, assim como as quatro grandes invenções (四大发明) da China (bússola, impressão, fabricação de papel e pólvora) e a criação dos bichos-da-seda se difundiram para outras partes do mundo.

Martins , Juliana Miranda, Balac, Thais Mantovani

The pandemic brought with it a change in social behavior that ranges from restrictions on individual freedom, the expansion of social exclusion and poverty, changes in the labor market, the forced implementation of distance learning, inadequacy in the public transport system and problems from logistics, to the return of inflation and a series of “new rules” that produce countless social and psychological effects in post-modern societies. Among so many forced and/or necessary changes, we will discuss in this policy brief a “side effect” that emerges within the Covid-19 pandemic: the phenomenon of vaccine hesitancy. Such apparently harmless behavior implies irreparable loss of life considering the speed of mutation of the virus and the spread of the disease. Although the COVID-19 pandemic has been one of the greatest challenges faced by humanity since the second world war and the development of vaccines to combat SARS-COV-2 has represented an extraordinary advance for the international scientific community and saved millions of lives around the world, there is a portion of the population that delays the decision to receive the immunizing agent. The success of the vaccination campaign will depend on when hesitantly they are vaccinated and, in the course of the fourth wave, on the speed of decision-making of these individuals.

Ambinder de Carvalho, Carolina, Antunes, Allan

Considerando sua política externa pacifista, Brasil e Suécia compartilham uma crescente atuação e interesse internacional: a participação em missões de paz. Ambos países participaram desde a primeira missão de estabilização da ONU, em 1948, e, no caso do Brasil, destaca-se a experiência de uma década no comando da única força de paz de caráter eminentemente marítimo do mundo, no Líbano (FTM-UNIFIL), e treze anos no comando da MINUSTAH (Haiti). A Suécia, por sua vez, conta com a particularidade da participação de efetivos femininos desde o início desse tipo de missão, tendo como foco a África e Eurásia. Nesse contexto e com uma crescente aproximação entre os dois países em assuntos de defesa, tem-se o Exercício Viking, a maior simulação internacional para o preparo de missões de paz, no qual o Ministério da Defesa da Suécia é o principal organizador e o Brasil, tendo participado da edição de 2018, participará novamente em 2022, praticando a cooperação interagências, a internacionalização e o desenvolvimento de capacidades.

Mendes, Cintiene Sandes Monfredo

One of the most important themes for reflection in the field of defense is the gender debate. Many women have contributed to the academic area in defense, and many others have actively participated in positions in the Armed Forces. In Brazil, the number of women in the high command of the Armed Forces remains very small. However, the policies for the entry of women into military career schools have expanded this possibility. On the other hand, women, civilians, academics, and researchers in the area of Defense have helped increase women's participation in themes seen as "the exclusive male debate." Thus, in schools of higher studies in Brazil, many women are included in research and the Defense career, actively participating in projects and encouraging the inclusion of new women in the area, with multiple debates. The issue of gender and the armed forces has been studied extensively in international institutions, focusing on the participation of women in training courses, decision-making activities, and peace missions. In addition, policies to encourage women's participation have been debated within the scope of one of the most important forums, the UN.

Vichi, Leonardo Perin

PsyOps aiming attack opponents through misinformation are recurring activities which records can be found since ancient history. Nevertheless, misinformation activities in cyber domain brought new dynamics and methods to this kind of operations. Dealing with governmental misinformation is an ability journalists learn still in the first years in university; however, it has been often detected complex misinformation strategies being used as offensive approaches on strategic communication, aiming undermining and weaken democratic infrastructure in many countries. Two strategies are more recurring: attacks against election process and the spreading of fake news whose impact provoke discredit to State institutions. Deterrence policies against the spread of misinformation are nowadays urgently necessary to safekeep critical democratic infrastructure of the States.

Rodriguez, Ana Paula

Em novembro de 2021, milhares de migrantes e refugiados se instalaram na fronteira entre Polônia e Belarus. Em situações de grande vulnerabilidade,  pessoas sofrem violência, exploração econômica, mortes diárias e que são provocadas por ambos os lados. Observamos a militarização da gestão do fluxo com uso de drones e helicópteros para localizar migrantes em rotas de fuga. Quando surpreendidos, são devolvidos sistematicamente para Belarus. Cabe ressaltar que Polônia e Belarus são signatários da Convenção de Refugiados de 1951, pela qual o país receptor deve ser o responsável pela acolhida, nesse caso Belarus. Por outro lado, a Polônia, ao devolver migrantes descumpre o princípio de non-refoulement, um dos mais importantes da Convenção e que visa evitar a devolução em massa de refugiados.

De Oliveira, Emellin

The Portuguese Asylum Law foresees limits to the detention of asylum seekers, in the same terms provided by the Reception Conditions Directive, in practice asylum requests presented at external borders imply systematic detention. Even with the changes in the practices that were implemented at the Lisbon Airport since March 2020, the Portuguese Asylum Law was not amended, which justifies the detention of asylum seekers both in Porto and Algarve, for instance. In this line, this analysis focus on the systematic use of detention of migrants in Portugal, arguing that the use of detention, particularly in the case of forced mobility, could constitute an obstacle to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goal 16 (SDG 16), which aims at promoting the rule of law, nationally and internationally, and ensuring equal access to justice for all.

Ambinder de Carvalho, Carolina, Antunes, Allan

Considering their pacifist foreign policy, Brazil and Sweden share a growing performance and international interest: to participate in peacekeeping missions. Both countries participated in the first stabilization mission from UN in 1948, and, in the case of Brazil, it can be highlighted the one-decade experience in command of the only peace force of eminent maritime component in the world, at Lebanon (FTM-UNIFIL), and thirteen years in the command of MINUSTAH (Haiti). Sweden, in its turn, counts with the particularity of female participation since the beginning of this type of mission, having as focus Africa and Eurasia. In this context and with the closer relationship between the two countries in defence, there is the Viking Exercise, the most extensive international simulation to prepare for peacekeeping missions, where the Swedish Ministry of Defence is the main organizer and Brazil, having participated in the 2018 edition, will participate again in 2022, practising interagency cooperation, internationalisation and the development of capabilities.